when was the south fork dam built

. However, according to modern research conducted by, among others, University of Pittsburgh instructor Neil M. Coleman,[7] the report was delayed, subverted, and whitewashed, before being released two years after the disaster. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company purchased the entire Mainline works in 1857 and left the dam and the reservoir virtually unattended. High School: South Iredell; Location Information. The total death toll was calculated originally as 2,209 people, making the disaster the largest loss of civilian life in the United States at the time. Assemblyman Bert Gurr (Courtesy / Lee Rix Gurr) Freshman Elko Republican succeeds Republican John Ellison, who termed out as District 33's assemblyman after 12 years. By 1889, the dam was in dire need of repairs. Please like & follow for more interesting content. On May 31, a spillway at the South Fork dam became clogged with debris due to steady heavy rain. It changed hands again in a sale to private investors. This strategy was a success, and club members and attorneys Philander C. Knox and James H. Reed were able to fend off four lawsuits against the club; Colonel Unger, its president; and against 50 named members. USACE. The South Fork Dam was an earthen dam originally built between 18381853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the Pennsylvania Main Line canal system to be used as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. As it hit Johnstown, all hell broke loose. People would know only that he was the one who destroyed the dam and flooded the valley. The dam eventually gave way and the heavy water poured into the valley. SO he can make the road on the dam wider for his carriage to cross. According to HISTORY, when the dam was built in the 1840s, it was the largest earth dam in the United States . Mostly forgotten about by the 1870s-1880s, it was also a menace, over the heads of the people of Johnstown and the Conemaugh Valley. This dam was built in 1840 as a reservoir for the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal. The South Fork Dam was built to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. To truly understand the devastation caused by this flood, we need to understand the construction of the South Fork Dam. On a cool May afternoon in 1889, the residents of Johnstown heard a thunderous roar as a man-made disaster swept through town. WATCH: Full episodes of 'I Was There' online now. The president at the time of the flood was Colonel Elias Unger. The remains of the South Fork Dam from the Visitor Center area. (2013). Those who were able began scrambling over the heap toward shore. 41 terms . Eighty people died at the bridge, some still in their own homes. Despite being both well-designed and well-built when new, it failed for the first time in 1862, and a history of negligent maintenance and alterations were later believed to have contributed to its failure on May 31, 1889. "Cyrus Elder (1833-1912), "Johnstown Flood", National Park Service. Though thedam had been built according to accepted engineering practices, the canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was completed in 1853. A detailed discussion of the 21st-century investigation, its participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood was published, in 2018, as Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster. Many bodies were never identified, and hundreds of the missing were never found. 1879-Reilly sold the dam to Benjamin Ruff, who bought it in the name of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club of Pittsburgh. The dam was 72 feet (22 m) high and 931 feet (284 m) long. The flood provided vast literature with important lessons for environmental management today. In 1879, the breached dam and surrounding land were sold to Benjamin Ruffwho planned to repair the dam and use the land to create a retreat for the wealthy. Here you'll find all collections you've created before. The flood met its first serious resistance at the Pennsylvania Railroads Stone Bridge, which saved the lives of thousands by not breaking. The dam was originally built with discharge pipes, so the only question that remained was who removed them. Our mission is a vital part of Texas' overall vision and the state's mission and goals that relate to maintaining the viability of the state's natural resources, health, and economic development. All About South Fork Reservoir. For years, the Gilded Ages most powerful industrialists gathered at Lake Conemaugh, an idyllic body of water made possible by Pennsylvanias South Fork Dam. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Until May 31, 1889, that is. It is an example of what can happen when people disregard the principles of engineering and hydrology. As the dam burst, a 30- to-40-foot-high wave rushed the 14 miles toward Johnstown. Built following the disastrous Johnstown flood of 1889, the Inclined Plane connected the downtown area with the far higher Westmont, which was being developed into a residential neighborhood. In 1862 the dam broke, resulting in a sag in the middle where repairs had been made. The dam was later sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad. In just 40 minutes, 1600 homes turned into debris and thousands of people died and their corpses floated away. The nation responded to the disaster with a spontaneous outpouring of time, money, food, and clothing. Technical paper published by Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Newspaper article published by the Tribune-Democrat, Author: H. Unrau, U.S. National Park Service, Presentation at Oregon Dam Safety Conference, Author: N. Coleman, U. Kaktins, & S. Wojno. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed from South Fork by Joseph P. Wilson to Robert Pitcairn in Pittsburgh; Frick and other members of the Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for tangible assistance to the flood victims as well as determining to never speak publicly about the club or the Flood. In an effort to create hisenvisioned resort, BenjaminRuff and other members ofthe South Fork Fishing andHunting Club modified thedesign of the original damduring its reconstruction. "Benjamin Franklin Ruff (1835-1887)", "Johnstown Memorial", National Park Service. 1. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests. Credit: NPS/Harpers Ferry Center, Right image Retrieved June 7, 2019. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and then sold again to private interests. The flood was as wide as the Mississippi River and three times more powerful than Niagara Falls. There is nothing as permanent as a temporary government program. Simply put, the South Fork Dam had by then become a ticking time bomb, one that would timeout and detonate during the mid-afternoon of Friday, May 31st, 1889. Morrell died four years before the flood he had labored to prevent.[4][5]. 6. After the flood, victims suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempt to recover damages from the dam's owners. . Although the South Fork Dam was completed in 1988, the reservoir was not completely filled until 1995, making the reservoir the newest one in the state as of this writing. , The club was the owner of the South Fork Dam, which failed during an unprecedented period of heavy rains, resulting in the disastrous Johnstown Flood on May 31, 1889. Watching the lake rising an inch every 10 minutes, he knew that once the water ran over the top of the earthen dam, it would cut through it like a knife and the whole thing would go. The South Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. This disaster is known as the Johnstown Flood. 1834-During the canal's first season, it was realized that the Conemaugh River could be problematic during drought situations. Debris piled up 40 feet high; some caught fire as it hit bridges and buildings. 124, Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure, Dam Breach Hydrology of the Johnstown Flood of 1889 - Challenging the Findings of the 1891 Investigation Report, Association of State Dam Safety Officials. Left image 1854-Pennsylvania Main Line Canal went out of business. Original construction included both adult and juvenile fish passage facilities to help move fish past the dam. MLS # South Fork Dam was an earth- and rock-fill dam located about 8 miles eastof Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The Johnstown Flood would become one of the worst natural disasters ever seen in this country. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and then sold again to private interests. 1852-June 10, the Western Reservoir was finally dammed. Next, they saw the dark cloud and mist and spray that preceded it, and were assaulted by a wind that blew down small buildings. Dam and club history. It was also hypothesized during the investigation ofthe failure that had the spillway been constructed according to the originallydesigned size, the dam would likely have not been overtopped and the worstman-made disaster in the United States prior to September 11, 2001 would havebeen avoided. Next in line was Woodvale, a town of about 1,000, that the torrent smashed with equal ferocity. Your email address will not be published. The death toll of the Johnstown Flood was worse because the town was already flooded. When it reached Johnstown, 2,209 people were killed, and there was $17 million ($473 million in 2020 terms) in damage. On May 31, the residents were unaware of the danger that steady rain over the course of the previous day had caused. The Johnstown Flood became a symbol of the power and potential destructive force of the elements. It was the worst flood to hit the U.S. in the 19th century. The Navy's New $13 Billion Aircraft Carrier Is Already . Represents a district that is made up of a large portion of eastern Nevada, including parts of Elko, Eureka, and Nye counties, and all of Lincoln and White Pine counties. This year marks the 133rd anniversary of the dam breach that took the lives of more than 2,200 people and galvanized the nation to ensure such a tragic event could not happen again. Just 40 minutes later the Lake was empty; all the water had escaped through the broken dam. During the summer of 1889 the clubhouse remained open but has since been occupied only by a caretaker. Debris at the stone bridge covered 30 acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. The mission of the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) is to lead the state's efforts in ensuring a secure water future for Texas and its citizens. His workers desperately tried to dig another spillway and increase the height of the dam, but the water was rising too fast. The failure released an estimated 14.3 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh, wreaking devastation along the valley of South Fork Creek and the Little Conemaugh River as it flowed about a dozen miles downstream to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the Little Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers form the Conemaugh River, a tributary of the Allegheny River. The death toll from the 1889 flood was approximately 2,209. People were sucked from buildings and tossed into a raging torrent. But afterward, how could he prove that the dam would have gone anyway? When the initial renovation was completed under Ruff's oversight, it became impossible to drain the lake to repair the dam properly, having modified the dam and lake area it to suit its recreational interests. On February 5, 1904, the Cambria Freeman reported, under the headline "Will Pass Out of History": The South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club, owners of the Conemaugh Reservoir at the time of the Great Flood, will soon pass out of history as an organization with the sale of all its personal effects remaining in the clubhouse at the reservoir site. On May 31, Elias Unger, who managed the club, looked outside and began to worry about the rising waters He supervised a group of Italian laborers as they frantically dug a new spillway and tried to unclog the existing one. There was one small drawback to living in the city. (3)VandenBerge, D., Duncan, J., & Brandon, T. (2011). 3768 Arctic Fox Dr , Island Park, ID 83429 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $1,100,000. But there was more yet to come. Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries. Changes in ownership, lack of oversight, and unsound improvements increased the probability . Debris at the stone bridge covered 30 acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like People knew the South Fork dam might break. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like People knew the South Fork dam might break. In 1880, at the suggestion of entrepreneur Benjamin Franklin Ruff, the newly organized club purchased an old dam and abandoned reservoir from Ruff which he had purchased from former Congressman John Reilly. Nephew of, James H. Willock cashier of the Second National Bank, William K. Woodwell associated with Joseph R. Woodwell and company, H. C. Yeager dry goods and trimming wholesaler through C. Yeager and Company, This page was last edited on 10 September 2022, at 20:32. Lower Johnstown three days after the flood. The property became South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. It also brought out . This was part of a cross-state canal system that was aptly named the Main Line of Public Works. Before the flood, speculators had bought the abandoned reservoir, made less than well-engineered repairs to the old dam, raised the lake level, built cottages and a clubhouse, and created the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. The South Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. . As everyone had dreaded, disease followed in the wake of the flood, and typhoid added 40 more lives to the 2,209 that had already died. At the time the South Fork Dam breached in 1889 its impoundment held about 1.455 10 7 m 3 of water below a lake surface elevation of 492.56 m . Over the coast of California, the great storm formed May 26, 1889, and began from there a slow march across America toward Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where some 2,200 souls waited to Despite the evidence to suggest that they were very much to blame, the Club membership was never held legally responsible for the disaster. People indoors when the wave struck raced upstairs seconds ahead of the rising water, which reached the third story in many buildings. TheSouth Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. If so, please share it with your friends and family to help spread the word. During the night the waters had receded, revealing vast heaps of mud and rubble-filled streets where there were still streets up to the third story. The disaster became widely known as the Johnstown Flood, and locally known as the "Great Flood". Cougar Dam was built on the South Fork McKenzie River in the 1960s. Apr 7, 2019 - The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was an exclusive summer resort frequented by wealthy and prominent Pittsburghers. Central Pennsylvania, May 31, 1889: After a deluge of rainnearly a foot in less than twenty-four hoursswelled the Little Conemaugh River, panicked engineers watched helplessly as swiftly rising waters threatened to breach the South Fork dam, built to create a private lake for a fishing and hunting club that counted among its members . 2. From its large porch, members could watch the clubs two steam yachts setting off on excursion trips. Hours: Open seven days a week, 365 days a year. By 1881 the dam had been repaired, without the benefit of an engineer,and the reservoir filled to capacity to form the now nearly three-mile-long Lake Conemaugh. A tree protrudes from a house tossed by the flood. Thousands of people desperately tried to escape the wave, but they were slowed as in a nightmare by the two to seven feet of water already covering parts of town. . 733 Lake Road Rumors of the dam's potential for harm, and its likelihood of bursting, had been circulating for years, and perhaps this contributed to why they were not taken seriously on that fateful day. One third of the dead were never identified and their remains were buried in in the Plot of the Unknown in Grandview Cemetery in Westmont. The South Fork Dam was an earthen dam originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the Pennsylvania Main Line canal system to be used as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. The museum also displays photography of the construction of Norris Dam, going all the way back to the first photo of the dam in October 1933. 1836-Pennsylvania legislature passes an act for the construction of the South Fork Dam. Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure. 1. Francis et al. There, thousands of tons of debris scraped from the valley along with a good part of Johnstown, piled up against the arches. By 1889, Johnstown had grown to a town of 30,000 German and Welsh immigrants, knownfor the quality of the steel it produced. The flood met its first serious resistance at the Pennsylvania Railroads Stone Bridge, which saved the lives of thousands by not breaking. the group wanted to use the colorado river's water for each state's use. In 1862 a break occurred near the discharge pipes, but little damage resulted because the water level was so low. Johnstowns Main Street is choked with debris. Before the club bought it, the unnamed reservoir was part of Pennsylvanias canal system. 1889 South Fork Dam Failure. . The ownership of the dam shifted various times throughout its history, so this was no trivial question. This dam was built to hold back Lake Conemaugh, and the dam was named the South Fork dam. ASDSO Annual Conference. Far above Johnstown, PA was the South Fork Dam which was built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania between 1838 and 1853. He chose not to do it. South Fork Reservoir is approximately three miles long and one to one and a half miles wide. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. When the South Fork Dam burst on May 31, 1889, the population of Johnstown had already spent their day dealing with floodwaters. Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password. Explains that a commission was formed between arizona, california, colorado,nevada, new mexico, utah, and wyoming. Then the oil caught fire. Unfortunately, the whole project was a money pit, and construction was halted at times because the state of Pennsylvania couldn't come up with the cash. The control tower burned down and was not replaced. The history of the South Fork Dam is a story of an immense . Lexington, KY 40508, 2023 Copyright Association of State Dam Safety Officials. The dam was built in the 1840s and early '50s, decades before the Fishing and Hunting Club was established. Privacy Policy. At the time of the Great Flood the club house was handsomely furnished and was fully equipped to care for at least 200 guests. At approximately 3:00 p.m. on May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam gave way. Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time. It lies entirely on public land managed by Nevada Division of State Parks. The earth is not puddled and there were several leaks in the dam. $497 million in 2016), and 4 square miles (10 km2) of downtown Johnstown were completely destroyed. Credit: NPS/Harpers Ferry Center. The discharge pipes were removed and the lake level was filled up to 70 feet in places. Roughly bounded by Fortieth, Main, and Lake Sts., D. W. C Bidwell owner of a mining industry, John Caldwell, Jr. treasurer of the Philadelphia Company, John Weakley Chalfant president of People's National Bank, associated with steel tubing manufacturer Spang, Chalfant and Company, George H. Christy attorney in Pittsburgh, Charles John Clarke founder of Pittsburgh-based transportation company Clarke and Company, father of Louis Clarke, Cyrus Elder (1833-1912); prominent attorney; chief counsel for the, Daniel R. Euwer lumber dealer for Euwer and Brothers, John King Ewing involved with real estate through Ewing and Byers, A. G. Harmes manufacturer of machinery through his Harmes Machinery Depot, John A. Harper assistant cashier of the Bank of Pittsburgh, president of, Howard Hartley manufacturer of leather products and rubber belts through Hartley Brothers, Henry Holdship co-founder of the Art Society of Pittsburgh and the, Americus Vespecius Holmes vice-president of, Durbin Horne president of retail company Joseph Horne and Company, Christopher Curtis Hussey Hussey, Howe and Company, steel manufacturers, Harriet Augusta Byram Hussey wife of C.C. An engineer at the dam saw warning signs of an impending disaster and rode a horse to the village of South Fork to warn the residents. Right image It first went through the narrow path of the little Conemaugh river and smashed into the small town of Mineral Point and swept away all traces of its existence. In the list to be disposed of are fifty bedroom suites, many yards of carpet, silverware and table ware with the club monogram engraved thereon and many odd pieces of furniture and bric-a-brac. Emergency morgues and hospitals were set up, and commissaries distributed food and clothing. When the water was "up" in the spring, the lake covered over 400 acres (1.6km2). It was over in 10 minutes, but for some, the worst was still to come. The approximate death toll was over 2,209 and their bodies were found as far away as Cincinnati. This flooding resulted in the deaths of 2,209 people, the loss of 1,600 homes, and over $17,000,000 in property damage. At 4:07 p.m., Johnstown inhabitants heard a low rumble that grew to a roar like thunder. Some knew immediately what had happened: after a night of heavy rains, South Fork Dam had finally broken, sending 20 million tons of water crashing down the narrow valley. After the flood, Andrew Carnegie, one of the club's better-known members, built the town a new library. For Sale: 3 beds, 2 baths 1931 sq. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. VandenBerge, D., Duncan, J., & Brandon, T. (2011). South Fork Reservoir was built in 1988 with recreation specifically in mind. Their secret retreat was a place to fish, hunt and consolidate their power. This was the first major disaster relief effort handled by the new American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton. White, E. A. Myers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. In modern times, this former library is owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum. Scouring its way towards Johnstown, the flood picked up several hundred boxcars, a dozen locomotives, more than 100 houses and a growing number of corpses. Storage capacity is 40,000 acre-feet. Left image [2] A torrent of water raced downstream, destroying several towns. That same year, Pennsylvania called on engineer Sylvester Welch to find a spot for a feeder reservoir and he selected a spot on the South Fork Creek for construction of the South Fork Dam and Western Reservoir. South Fork Dam. There had been some speculation as to the dam's integrity, and concerns had been raised by the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. Operational Failure Modes. The dam is 165 feet wide and 100 feet tall and is built of unreinforced concrete. But, that had been the case every spring for so many years, that it the supposed threat had become something of a standing joke around town. Lake Conemaugh was held by the dam on the side of a mountain, 450 feet higher than Johnstown. cloudy spring evening over anderson ranch dam limiting water flow into south fork of boise river as seen from anderson ranch road outside dixie, idaho - south fork dam stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Daniel Johnson Morrell, of the Cambria Iron Works of Johnstown, also became a member, ostensibly to monitor the condition of the dam. In less than forty-five minutes, twenty million tons of water poured into the valley below. The SouthFork Dam, as it became known, experienced a catastrophic failure on May 31,1889 when it was overtoppedduring a large storm event. 2023 BygonelyPrivacy policyTerms of ServiceContact us. Charter of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. February 11, 1881; "Report of the Committee on the Cause of the Failure of the South Fork Dam", loc. While some people inJohnstown made the usual preparations for flooding,John Parke, the club engineer who was at theSouth Fork Dam,knew things were more serious. The village of Johnstown was founded in 1800 by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns (anglicized from Schantz) where the Stonycreek and Little Conemaugh rivers joined to form the Conemaugh River. Any modification to a spillway should be reviewed and approved by a professional engineer. 1847-The half-completed South Fork Dam failed for the first time. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America, Last edited on 10 September 2022, at 20:32, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, "'It's still controversial': Debate rages over culpability of wealthy club members" by David Hurst. The capacity of the spillwaywas decreased significantly by the lowering of the dam crest and thereby reducingthe freeboard. On May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam failed catastrophically and 20 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh burst through and raced 14 miles downstream, causing the Johnstown Flood. 80 Engineering Society of Western Pennsylvania, Proceedings, 5(June 18, 1889); 89-99; . South Fork,PA 15956. The American Society of Civil Engineers launched an investigation of the South Fork Dam breach immediately after the flood. The South Fork Dam was built on the artificially created Lake Conemaugh in Pennsylvania, the US between 1838 and 1853. A primary and secondary spillway regulates overflow. [8], The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, assembled by Henry Clay Frick were Benjamin Ruff, T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J. and looked at similar dam failures and issues with the South Fork dam itself to . This had two deleterious effects on the dam: it aggravated a sag at the top of the dam, making it more susceptible to overtopping. A freight car lies near the damaged Cambria Iron Works warehouse. [2] Ruff, while he was not a civil engineer, had a background that included being a railroad tunnel contractor and supervised the repairs to the dam, which did not include a successful resolution of the inability to discharge the water and substantially lower the lake for repair purposes. After the flood, survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dams owners. The history of the South Fork Dam is a story of an immense structure that was never given the care such a structure demanded. The canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was completed in 1853. Both projects were started in the early 1940s but were halted by order of the United States War Production Board in late 1942 in order to redirect as many resources as possible to support activities central to the war . Four square miles of downtown Johnstown was completely destroyed. The dam as originally built with a higher crest by the State of Pennsylvania would have impounded a greater volume of 1.627 10 7 m 3 below a lake stage of 493.5 m. Many publications report that . The spillway is obstructed with a bridge and fish screen. NBI Bridge Condition: Good: (1)Mills, K. (2013). The flood also provided the newly formed American Red Cross under the leadership of Clara Barton with its first test. The Influence of Dam Failures on Dam Safety Laws in Pennsylvania. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). (1)Mills, K. (2013). The dam was located on Lake Conemaugh, which was an artificial body of water. He promoted this idea to Henry Clay Frick, a friend of his, who was one of the wealthy elite group of powerful men who controlled Pittsburgh's steel, rail and other industries. Lessons Learned From Dam Failures. As the flood was going through towns towards the Johnstown, it was destroying trees, homes, boxcars and even locomotives and carrying them along with the water. As the Johnstown Area Historical Association notes, the town had been built in a river valley. ft. home is a 4 bed, 3.0 bath property. [9], Alphabetically, a complete listing of club membership included:[6]. . Dam not originally built of stone, face of dam on lake was not rip-rapped. As a result of poor maintenance, the outlet works culvert collapsed and a portionof the dam washed out in 1862. I recently found aerial photography from 1952 showing a free flowing north and south fork of the American River.

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