The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Encyclopedia.com. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. He simply and quietly disappeared. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. "White Lotus Rebellion Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Kublai Khan This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. ", Dai, Yingcong. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Encyclopedia.com. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Corrections? Inventions The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. At the . _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Nothing is known of his end. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. ThoughtCo. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. ." ", Dai, Yingcong. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Omissions? Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. And so the war was waged. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. (February 22, 2023). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury.
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