The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. Printer Friendly. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. Triple Entente The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of The Spanish Civil War by Antony Beevor Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner, using a smooth and readable narrative with an excellent appraisal of both the broader situations and the difficulties faced by individual soldiers. A bit of a rabid dog. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. The Loyalists and their international volunteers fled, or were captured, tortured and murdered. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. A war of attrition began. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and For the past five years, Tracy has dedicated a yearly three-day Spanish Civil War unit to his AP European History class. Austria did not want the Serbs to gain access to the sea, so they too wanted Albania for themselves. Five; lovely; great-aunts. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. The Triple Entente was formed because France, after forming the entente cordiale with Britain, wanted to reconcile its other ally, Russia, with Britain. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. Its cruelty is conveyed in the coldly eloquent monochrome of Picassos painting. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. War. Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power . French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. The Nationalists did experience some While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. The command structure of They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. It is considered an important work of Modernist literature. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". Tolls is such an international brigadier. He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. Please wait while we process your payment. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Associated with the phrase "God, death, what is higher.". The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. The air force of Britain. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. leadership. Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. Quiz & Worksheet - The Spanish Civil War | Study.com Check your understanding of major events and issues leading up to, during and after the Spanish Civil War with an interactive quiz and. Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. 20% This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. This island was the site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. SparkNotes PLUS He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The Civil War The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. Corrections? In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! adjective. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. the German air force before and during World War II. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. . English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II.
