A complete overview of the AP European History exam. [114] In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (187278) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. [116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. They got to keep their own land, but they had on Hapsburg ruler.The Augsleich was the compromise that brought these two countries together. Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). However, central Europe's heterogeneous population meant that creating any "natural" type of Germany would be virtually impossible. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. Throughout the German states, city councils, liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state, and chambers of commercewhich would see great benefits from unificationopposed any war between Prussia and Austria. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. Edit. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan, having witnessed Bismarck's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag (State Parliament), a relationship characterized by Bismarck's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria's sphere of influence in Central Europe, thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate.[73]. What did they stand for? p.302. Kuhne, Thomas. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. For a writing assignment, ask students to write a review of the piece, including comments on its political connotations for a newspaper affiliated with one of the major German political groups (see section IV). All Germans are equal before the law. Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century. Recent research into the role of the Grand Bourgeoisiewhich included bankers, merchants, industrialists, and entrepreneursin the construction of the new state has largely refuted the claim of political and economic dominance of the Junkers as a social group. The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. . Afrikaans; ; Asturianu; Azrbaycanca; Bn-lm-g; ; ; Bosanski; Catal; etina; Dansk; Deutsch; Eesti . [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. Napoleon abolishes the HRE in 1806 German Unification: First Steps Napoleon consolidated the area into 30 states, declared the German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. Russia says US, NATO's 'increasing' involvement in Ukraine 'fraught with direct military clash of nuclear powers' Anadolu Agency. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. [41], The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity. Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. 10th grade. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. [54][55], After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded, Frederick William IV, under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz, supported the establishment of the Erfurt Uniona federation of German states, excluding Austriaby the free agreement of the German princes. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. Smith focuses on German unification and religion. The prince withdrew as a candidate, thus defusing the crisis, but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. Austria's Duel Monarchy- In 1867 the Germans tried a new method of unitifiction. Its former leading state, the Austrian Empire, was along with the majority of its allies excluded from the ensuing North German Confederation Treaty sponsored by Prussia which directly annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt, while Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but kept its statehood. In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. 0. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. [39], As travel became easier, faster, and less expensive, Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. Kremlin warns against more Western arms for Ukrai Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. In a speech to the Prussian parliament, Bismarck declared that Germany's interests in Poland necessitated such harsh measures. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Schneckenburger wrote "The Watch on the Rhine" in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France's "natural" eastern boundary. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. The "Witch. Water transportation also improved. The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 (signed 26 February 1871; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871), which formally ended the war. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. In November 1850, the Prussiansspecifically Radowitz and Frederick Williamagreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. Some other pieces of content that you need to review are the rise . German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, and Politics, 1870-1914.
