Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Upset stomach and vomiting. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. A) managed care A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. . In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. 0. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Diarrhea. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). a. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. a - a mole that looks cancerous. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Confusion. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. As we grow older, we sleep less. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. They were ALL my fault. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Disorganized Thinking. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were.
