Francisco Franco was the Spanish military general who led the revolution against the left wing government during the Spanish Civil War. [258], Recently the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's (PSOE) victory during the 2004 elections by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero's government. [40] At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned, according to historian Carlton J. H. Hayes. As he points out, Franco was extremely close to Mussolini and Adolf Hitler - who both provided critical aid to his forces during the Spanish Civil War - and was "so much part of what will become the Axis", although ultimately wouldn't . In July 1936 Franco led a military rising against the Spanish republic, and by the end of the ensuing Civil War he had established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975. On 23 October 1940, Hitler and Franco met in Hendaye, France to discuss the possibility of Spain's entry on the side of the Axis. Spain attempted to retain control of its colonies throughout Franco's rule. Workers took away the statue, which stood on a street in Melilla, a Spanish enclave . During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through technocratic and economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the "Spanish miracle". The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. Franco remains a very controversial figure. He also held a tense meeting with Primo de Rivera in July 1924. Accounting for unofficial and random killings, and those who died during the war from execution, suicide, starvation and disease in prison, the total number is probably closer to 200,000.[210]. Franco's Nationalists were supported by Fascist Italy, which sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie and by Nazi Germany, which sent the Condor Legion. [85][86] Similarly, both Italian and German planes bombed the Basque town of Guernica at Franco's request. The Civil War ravaged the Spanish economy. [2] His career was boosted after the right-wing CEDA and PRR won the 1933 election, empowering him to lead the suppression of the 1934 uprising in Asturias. On 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. This was the situation throughout the 1940s and to a lesser extent during the 1950s, but after 1960 the non-Castilian Spanish languages were freely spoken and written, and they reached bookshops and stages, although they never received official status. Not needing any more officers, the Naval Academy admitted no new entrants from 1906 to 1913. The situation reached a point of no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to choose a side. [108] On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),[109] and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. A Ley de la memoria histrica de Espaa (Law on the Historical Memory of Spain) was approved on 28 July 2006, by the Council of Ministers,[261] but it took until 31 October 2007, for the Congress of Deputies to approve an amended version as "The Bill to recognise and extend rights and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the Dictatorship" (in common parlance still known as Law of Historical Memory). As a conservative and monarchist, Franco regretted the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931, and was devastated by the closing of his academy; nevertheless, he continued his service in the Republican Army. The longevity of Franco's rule, his suppression of political opposition, and his government's effective propaganda sustained through the years have made a detached evaluation difficult. [172] In November 1942, US President Roosevelt wrote to General Franco: "your nation and mine are friends in the best sense of the word." This week we have a piece written by guest-blogger Stanley G. Payne, co-author of the book Franco: A Personal and Political Biography. This just in: Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead . . [219], As soon as news of Franco's death was made public, the government declared thirty days of official national mourning. In the late 1960s, the aging Franco decided to name a monarch to succeed his regency, but the simmering tensions between the Carlists and the Alfonsoists continued. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985. In 1913, Franco transferred into the newly formed regulares: Moroccan colonial troops with Spanish officers, who acted as elite shock troops. In the Rif War, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army was defeated by the Republic of the Rif under the leadership of the Abd el-Krim brothers, who crushed a Spanish offensive on 24 July 1921, at Annual. [264] The Museum no longer maintains its online version of the exhibition. [5] [6] The only child of Franco, Carmen Franco (1926-2017) led the organisation and later became its . Although Germany had recognised the Franco Government, Franco's policy towards Germany was extremely cautious until spectacular German victories at the beginning of the Second World War. The first was scored by Santiago Bernabeu, whom. Francisco Franco naci el 4 de diciembre de 1892 en Ferrol. His appeal was refused, and he was removed from the general staff and sent to an obscure command in the Canary Islands. From 20 July onward Franco was able, with this small squadron of aircraft, to initiate an air bridge that carried 1,500 soldiers of the Army of Africa to Seville,[92] where these troops helped to ensure rebel control of the city. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975) was a Spanish general who rose to prominence as the caudillo ("strongman" or "dictator") of Spain after the Nationalist faction's victory in the Spanish. [42], On 5 February 1932, Franco was given a command in A Corua. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, flamenco, an Andalucian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. [72], Jos Calvo Sotelo, who made anti-communism the focus of his parliamentary speeches, began spreading violent propagandaadvocating for a military coup d'tat; formulating a catastrophist discourse of a dichotomous choice between "communism" or a markedly totalitarian "National" State, and setting the mood of the masses for a military rebellion. This changed in 1942, when Franco convened a parliament known as the Cortes Espaolas. Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo Poyato stated that having Franco buried at the monument "shows a lack of respect for the victims buried there". Julio lvarez del Vayo talked about "Spain's being converted into a socialist Republic in association with the Soviet Union". [149][note 1] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. [221] He was buried a few metres from the grave of the Falange's founder, Jose Antonio. Due to the spread of democracy, excluding the Eastern Bloc, in Europe since World War II, Juan Carlos could or would not have been a dictator in the way Franco had been. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it. His family life was not entirely happy, for Francos father, an officer in the Spanish Naval Administrative Corps, was eccentric, wasteful, and somewhat dissolute. Business Strategist, innovator and tactical leader developing new business, building and . Up to 200,000 people died of starvation during the early years of Francoism, a period known as Los Aos de Hambre (the Years of Hunger). [188] The overthrow of Catholicism as the explicit state religion of Spain and the establishment of state-sponsored religious pluralism would be realized in Spain in 1978, with the new Constitution of Spain, three years after Franco's death. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936."[61]. Franco placed no obstacles to Britain's construction of a large air base extending from Gibraltar into Spanish territorial waters, and welcomed the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. [146], Julin Casanova Ruiz, who was nominated in 2008 to join the panel of experts in the first judicial investigation, conducted by judge Baltasar Garzn, of Francoist crimes,[147] as well as historians Josep Fontana and Hugh Thomas, estimate deaths in the White Terror to be around 150,000 in total. Franco and Lpez Ochoa (who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, had been seen as a left-leaning officer)[56] emerged as officers prepared to use "troops against Spanish civilians as if they were a foreign enemy". He came to power during the Spanish Civil War while serving as the Generalsimo of the Nationalist faction. Interested in the parliamentary immunity granted by a seat at the Cortes, Franco intended to stand as candidate of the Right Bloc alongside Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera for the by-election in the province of Cuenca programmed for 3 May 1936, after the results of the February 1936 election were annulled in the constituency. Through this law, homosexuality and prostitution were made criminal offenses in 1954.[214]. This left the striking Asturian miners to fight alone.[51]. The coup had failed in the attempt to bring a swift victory, but the Spanish Civil War had begun. [139] By 1939 the fascist style prevailed, with ritual rallying calls of "Franco, Franco, Franco. Francisco Franco, Spain's fascist dictator, who died in 1975, being exhumed from his purpose-built mausoleum, the Valley of the Fallen. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol. Franco won. Although the transition to democracy was successful, the regime left deep scars in the Spanish society that can still be felt up to this day. Citizenship: Mexico mx. [130] The rebels were able to build a larger air force and make more effective use of their air force, particularly in supporting ground operations and bombing; and generally enjoyed air superiority from mid-1937 onwards; this air power contributed greatly to the Nationalist victory. [110] He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the Nationalists would go to Franco. Civil servants had to be Catholic, and some official jobs even required a "good behavior" statement by a priest. Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to France. In 1973, Franco resigned as prime ministerseparated from the office of head of state since 1967due to his advanced age and illness. [220], Franco's body was interred at the Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Cados), a colossal memorial built by the forced labour of political prisoners ostensibly to honour the casualties of both sides of the Spanish Civil War. While Franco did not suffer any great abuse by his father's hand, he would never overcome his antipathy for his father and largely ignored him for the rest of his life.
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