Required fields are marked *. This pattern of movement is supported or replaced in larger mollusks by the propulsive waves that run along the surface of the foot and are controlled by the actions of the dorsoventral musculature (Figure 1). Citing for websites is different from citing from books, magazines and periodicals. Suckers are present on the tentacles in octopuses and squid. 7, 6 (2010), Scheltema, A. H. & Schander, C. Exoskeletons: tracing molluscan evolution. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 0000005625 00000 n Thus, this is another difference between cephalopods and gastropods. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Brachiopods - Have one valve (pedicle valve) larger than the other and tend to grow to 2-10cm in length; smaller than the average bivalve. They feed by filtering particles from water and a radula is absent. Various Authors - See Each Chapter Attribution, Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives, Features of the Animal Kingdom: phylogenetic tree of animals, Watch this video for a close-up look at annelid anatomy, https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe the unique anatomical features of mollusks, Describe the features of an animal classified in phylum Annelida. Publisher: Biologycorner.com; Introduction to Cell Division and Cancer, 16. Cephalopods are generally carnivores, feeding on crustaceans and fishes, but some have adapted a microvorous diet of detritus and microscopic organisms and plants. July 10, 2017. This adaptation may allow leeches to swell when ingesting blood from host vertebrates. This handbook will help you plan your study time, beat procrastination, memorise the info and get your notes in order. groups. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. How do you explain this? They have no head, but a diffuse nerve network made up of three nerve centers (or ganglia) distributed around their visceral mass. 8 study hacks, 3 revision templates, 6 revision techniques, 10 exam and self-care tips. This is all covered with a mantle (also known as a pallium) that typically secretes the shell. Diet: Some gastropods are herbivores using the radula to scrape off food particles. In resin block look at the specialized BMC Bioinformatics 9, 5 (2008), Ebersberger, I., Strauss, S. & Von Haeseler, A. HaMStR: Profile hidden markov model based search for orthologs in ESTs. Gas exchange occurs across the moist body surface. This file contains Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Results, Supplementary References, Supplementary Tables 1-7 and Supplementary Figures 1-16 with legends. Molluscs are coelomate, although the coelom is reduced and represented by the kidneys, gonads, and pericardium, the main body cavity which surrounds the heart. WebT: 02743.899.588 0985.173.317 Ms Hng 0908.131.884 Mr Quyn gastropods with a rapid expansion rate and little or no coiling: limpets Sci. Why would pulmonate snails Four bivalve species (i.e., oysters, mussels, manila clams, and scallops) sold in the three major cities of South Korea were shown to contain MPs (PE, PP, and PS) with size fractions of up to 300 m (Cho et al., 2019). 'mlv[9\OvX3`u"8$@%(%rMs^MS&1>>KUu(;cm-nlI%=+^K3~c*z]}Y&}c`r|-p+YJLEPv'+ j)@k-\W"SXj 9:d5e9J +vIA;0Ta&C8I8F(G\>@X.E=6 A4 Photos of Inoceramus and Turritella andersoni by Sarah Rieboldt, UCMP. BMC Evol. A part of almost every ecosystem in the world, molluscs are extremely important members of many ecological communities. For example, the fauna of Palaeozoic hydrothermal vent communities includes the molluscan groups Bivalvia, Monoplacophora and Gastropoda as well as the outgroups Brachiopoda and Annelida. Fossil gastropods are placed into orders by identifying the family, Mol. Pectins (no #): free swimmers. They feed on the algae that grows on the carapace of the crayfish. Some gastropods are aquatic: salt and freshwater animals. WebDr Eric Shaw shows the difference between Bivalves and Gastropods. Eric is a First Class BSAC Instructor and Biologist based in Gibraltar. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants (0744649 and 0821622) to K.M.H., National Institute of Health (NIH) grants (1RO1NS06076, 1R01GM097502, R21 RR025699, R21DA030118) and the McKnight Brain Research Foundation to L.L.M., the Deep Metazoan Phylogeny (DMP) program of the German Science Foundation (Li 998/9-1) to B.L., and The University of Bergen (Norway) free researcher initiated project grant to C.T. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 6. 0000005343 00000 n 0000004331 00000 n While most are found in the marine environment, extending from the intertidal to the deepest oceans, several major gastropod clades live predominantly in freshwater or terrestrial habitats. Open Access articles citing this article. developed the bioinformatics pipeline. muscle. They also use a lophophore to respire rather than gills. As diverse as this phylum is, all its animals include three physical traits. The change from grazing to other forms of food acquisition is one of the major features in the radiation of the group. The adoption of different feeding habits appears to have had a profound influence on molluscan evolution. Consider these popular approaches to cooking bivalves: Crabs, lobsters, crayfish and shrimp are among the most commonly consumed crustaceans. 0000005885 00000 n Squid and octopuses have a funnel structure, called a hyponome, through which they can blow water to move themselves quickly along. Date of Electronic Publication or other Date, such as Last Updated. The chart below can be somewhat flexible, depending on the characteristic. They have a highly developednervous systemwith a complex brain. Difference Between Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes, Difference Between Prostomium and Peristomium, Difference Between Protonephridia and Metanephridia, Difference Between Sporogony and Schizogony. Fertilization by transfer of capsules containing sperm (spermatophores) typically occurs in cephalopods and some gastropods. Sniffing Out Complementarity in Humans, 44. For instance, external shells only applies to cephalopods if you consider the chambered nautilus. [ 1 ]). Gastropods are the largest group, comprising more than 80% of the molluscs. Terrestrial gastropods have lungs for respiration, while aquatic species have gills. & Madan, A. CAP3: a DNA sequence assembly program. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The Mollusca Phylum Mollusca- Characteristics, Classification, Examples. Microbe Notes, 23 Mar. Most chaetodermomorph aplacophorans, monoplacophorans and scaphopods feed on protists and/or bacteria while neomeniomorph aplacophorans graze on cnidarians. The resolved relationships shown (such as cephalopods, scaphopods, and gastropods) are recent discoveries. 150 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 153 /H [ 1816 675 ] /L 792692 /E 89318 /N 32 /T 789573 >> endobj xref 150 62 0000000016 00000 n Some gastropods are parasitic, while others are predatory. Phylum Annelida are segmented worms found in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater habitats, but the presence of water or humidity is a critical factor for their survival in terrestrial habitats. 0000006384 00000 n In prosobranch gastropods, water currents may cause a simple internal fertilization within the mantle cavity, or males may fertilize eggs internally using a muscular penis. So, this is the key difference between cephalopods and gastropods. 4. They also have two pairs of tentacles, only one bearing eyes at the end.Class Cephalopoda. Using what you Soft part morphology: In the resin block, identify the head What is the Evidence for Sexual Selection in Humans? Evol. These animals have a broad, ventral foot that is adapted for attachment to rocks and a mantle that extends beyond the shell in the form of a girdle. It is a retractable as well as extendable organ, used for locomotion and anchorage. 56. Your email address will not be published. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Malacol. External shells present in some species, 6. In the more aquatic gastropods, there are gills instead. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10382. In terrestrial communities, gastropods can achieve reasonably high diversity and abundance: as many as 60-70 species may coexist in a single habitat and abundance in leaf litter can exceed more than 500 individuals in four liters of litter. #1739 - This mesogastropod is in the family Natacidae, the moon snails. shell, slow burrower - large shells, bulbous shell, swimming bivalves (pectin box, #596): thin shell, symmetric valves volume477,pages 452456 (2011)Cite this article. Brain Behav. Of tests, trochs, shells, and spicules: Development of the basal mollusk Wirenia argentea (Solenogastres) and its bearing on the evolution of trochozoan larval key features. EST2uni: an open, parallel tool for automated EST analysis and database creation, with a data mining web interface and microarray expression data integration. Diet: Unlike many mollusks that feed using a rasping tongue, called a radula, bivalves feed by filtering food particles from the water. Annelids have a true coelom in which organs are distributed and bathed in coelomic fluid. Maternal protection of the developing eggs (brood) is not unexceptional behaviour in solenogasters, bivalves, and certain gastropod adults. Find these features: dentition, hinge, Additionally, within Conchifera, a sister-taxon relationship between Gastropoda and Bivalvia is supported. Reproduction via an unfertilized gamete (parthenogenesis) is also found among gastropods of the subclass Prosobranchia. & Misof, K. A Monte Carlo approach successfully identifies randomness in multiple sequence alignments: a more objective means of data exclusion. WebGastropods and cephalopods have paired eyes on their heads (and sometimes tails), [1] but many molluscs do not have clear head regions in which to locate the eyes. Scallops burrow or swim freely, using their shell to clap water propelling them as needed. Both shelled and naked gastropods have pelagic members that spend their entire lives swimming in the water; others penetrate marine hot vents or interstices between sand grains. These animals have a radula modified for scraping. The gastropods include snails, slugs, conchs, periwinkles and sea slugs. shell is calcite. Class Bivalvia (two shells) includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and geoducks. Formation of Organic Molecules in an Earthly Reducing Atmosphere, 65. Trochophores are encountered in the development of many marine annelid species (phylum Annelida). Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. with "wings" (auricles), single large adductor muscle, flat swimmers: one valve flatter than the other, vertical swimmers: valves equally rounded, byssal (attched with threads) (no #): adductor muscles of unequal size, As the name suggests, bivalves are enclosed in a pair of shells (or valves) that are hinged at the dorsal side. and have never been very diverse. Molluscan systematics are still in flux. Take This Short Quiz. A.B.K., K.M.K. Ecol. Additional significant descriptive information. Blog > Culinary Arts > Bivalves, Crustaceans And Gastropods, Oh My! Cephalopods (Figure 4) are able to move quickly via jet propulsion by contracting the mantle cavity to forcefully eject a stream of water. Biol. Cephalopods are a group that includes exclusively marine molluscs. Most mollusks have an open circulatory system with a heart that circulates the hemolymph in open spaces around the organs. Websimilarities between gastropods and bivalves Non Pathogenic Gram-positive Bacteria , Pachgaon Kolhapur Pin Code , World Youth Lacrosse Championships , Function Of Molluscs occur in almost every habitat found on Earth, where they are often the most conspicuous Special attention has been given to relationships between morphology and mode of life. Cephalopods include squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses while gastropods include snails, conchs, abalones, whelks, sea slugs, and garden slugs. Thus we propose the node-based name Pleistomollusca. Octopods use their arms to crawl or even to swim or float with the help of the body skin interconnecting the arms (interbrachiate web). 10 September 2022, Scientific Reports Bon Appetit offered, The crawfish gumbo from Louisiana Cookin. They display vivid coloration, typically seen in squids and octopuses, which is used for camouflage. Ctenidia are enclosed in a large mantle cavity and are serviced by large blood vessels, each with its own heart. In light of these results, we examined the evolution of morphological characters and found support for advanced cephalization and shells as possibly having multiple origins within Mollusca. The Late Vendian-Early Cambrian taxa bear little resemblance to the Cambrian-Ordovician taxa (most of which remain extant today). The subclass Hirudinoidea includes leeches. The hemocytes of both in 63 species of bivalves and 4 species of gastropods (Perkins 1993). 5. Study now. CAS The phyla Mollusca and Annelida belong to a clade called the Lophotrochozoa, which also includes the phylum Nemertea, or ribbon worms (see: Features of the Animal Kingdom: phylogenetic tree of animals). Biology & Philosophy This property is commercially exploited to produce pearls. Thus, this summarizes the difference between cephalopods and gastropods. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. K.M.K., J.T.C., S.R.S. 0000031060 00000 n 1. with the Mutiple Choice Test. They are found in marine and freshwater habitats. They live in a range of habitats. IV. Molecules Talk: Selecting Molecular Communication and Complexity, 72. Here we investigate richness patterns in the two largest classes of molluscs at both local and regional scales throughout the Southern Classification: The traditional classification of bivalves whereas gastropods and bivalves had the greater part of their family-level diversification histories in the Late Cretaceous. Leites Culinariahas a recipe, The lobster roll has seen a culinary resurgence in recent years, making inroads far past the coasts where these creatures are caught. Their particular segmented body plan results in repetition of internal and external features in each body segment. Physical Traits: They have a large, muscular foot on which they move slowly along any surface and the visceral mass sits atop the foot. A substantial change in shell morphology usually marks the transition to adult form. The adaptive features of HRmHQ=}}w8V[XIes}bI(2WH0"0B"ba)D7WX{=9p `2@yGs\d( k2.lCbUO Unlike cephalopods, gastropods have an open circulatory system. Bivalves - Firstly they have two identical valves make up the main shell. Cephalopods include shelled and reduced-shell groups. The majority of gastropods are terrestrial, while few are marine and freshwater animals. Google Scholar, Giribet, G. et al. 6. Some cephalopods such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish species have the ability to change their colours. The number and size of chaetae is greatly diminished in oligochaetes as compared to the polychaetes (poly- = many; -chaetae = hairs). In order to catergorize bivalves, they are put into the Mollusca phylum. One-to-one online tuition can be a great way to brush up on your Geology knowledge. What are the Sometimes sand or grit gets between the bivalve's mantle and shell. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification, 104. 0000007279 00000 n The chaetae of polychaetes are also arranged within fleshy, flat, paired appendages on each segment called parapodia. 0000002732 00000 n Method. 0000003916 00000 n and JavaScript. Mollusks have a wide range of locomotory patterns. 2007. Looking for some inspiration? carnivores, Neogastropods (#459, 1303, 473): Jurassic to Recent. 0000005693 00000 n Gastropods are a group of molluscs that include snails, conchs, abalones, whelks, sea slugs, and garden slugs. The body has a head, a foot and a visceral mass. Similarities Between Cephalopods and Gastropods Cephalopods are a group of molluscs comprising of marine animals such as octopi, cuttlefish, and nautili, etc. Phylum Annelida includes the classes Polychaeta and Clitellata (Figure 7); the latter contains subclasses Oligochaeta, Hirudinoidea, and Branchiobdellida. Acad. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Phylogenet. Degree in Plant Science, M.Sc. The Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts Logo is a trademark of Triumph Higher Education Group LLC. In Europe, during the last 10 There are more than 50,000 species in this phylum. threads of a strength unrivalled by any other creature's constructions, Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. 0000001752 00000 n Hard part morphology. WebWithin Conchifera, the previously most widely held hypothesis places Monoplacophora basal to two clades: Cyrtosoma (= Visceroconcha; Gastropoda and Cephalopoda) and Diasoma (= Loboconcha; Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, and the extinct class Rostroconchia) ( Runnegar and Pojeta 1974, Pojeta and Runnegar 1976, Salvini-Plawen 1985, Trueman and Brown 1985, Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management, The classic New England clambake which can include lobster and shrimp, both crustaceans mixes seafood and other ingredients common to the region into a delicious and filling meal. 0000009256 00000 n Hard part morphology: Find these features: whorl, aperature, Consequently, many molluscs may have a multitude of eyes in more unlikely places, such as along the edge of their shell. The eggs of cephalopods, on the other hand, possess a large amount of yolk, which displaces the dividing cells and causes a characteristic type of development. Webwhat does cardiac silhouette is unremarkable mean / fresh sage cologne slopes of southern italy / similarities between cephalopods and bivalves. Use a type of jet propulsion for movement. Visit the mollusca pages on the Tree of Life for more on molluscan systematics. Nature (Nature) 2005-2023 Sheri Amsel. Physical Traits: They have two shells connected by a hinge called the ligament, and kept closed by powerful muscles. For that reason, we will dip a tiny bit into the traditional Cephalopods have separate sexes, and the females of some species care for the eggs for an extended period of time. 0000010374 00000 n In addition, many mollusks have a scraping structure at the mouth, called a radula (Figure 1). 0000023604 00000 n Beneath the cuticle there are two layers of muscle, one running around its circumference (circular) and one running the length of the worm (longitudinal). Iberus 21, 6797 (2003), Meyer, A., Todt, C., Mikkelson, N. & Lieb, B. Join MyTutor Squads for free (and fun) help with Maths, Coding & Study Skills. Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system while gastropods have an open circulatory system. For example, fewer than 100 white abalone remain after several million individuals were captured and sold as meat in the 1970s. Look carefully at the natacid and its prey, checking the correct column or columns for each characteristic. Venom could possibly be applied to gastropods, as nudibranchs are known for being toxic (and brightly colored), 1. While most slug types are only emerging as a possible regular food source, snails have long been served as a delicacy. Sea slugs, squid, snails, and scallops. Late Precambrian rocks of southern Australia and the White Sea region in northern Russia contain bilaterally symmetrical, benthic animals with a univalved shell (Kimberella) that resembles those of molluscs. Nature 452, 745749 (2008), Haszprunar, G., Schander, C. & Halanych, K. M. In Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca (eds Ponder, W. & Lindberg, D. R. ) 1932 (Univ. ADS Reef builders. The members of some species may even bore into wood or rock. Scaphopods (#843) are called tusk shells. Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts is a registered trademark of Triumph Higher Education Group LLC and its Affiliates. Phylum Mollusca includes a group of soft-bodied invertebrates with bilateral symmetry. Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity. They do not have a foot like the bivalves, but do have a pedicle which aids attachment to rocks. Mussels use their foot to anchor to rocks and other objects. Some having up to a 100 tentacles. The mollusks that have a hinged, two-part shell joined by strong muscles are called bivalves. Clams, Oysters, and Scallops are bivalve mollusks and are a familiar food source. These three animals pull their shells closed by contracting powerful muscles near the hinge. The open these shells they have to relax their muscles. organisms. D. Speiser kindly shared the photo of Argopecten. The shells can open and close when needed, but are usually held closed by powerful muscles to protect them from predators. google mountain view charge cash app; wect news bladen county; similarities between cephalopods and bivalves; similarities between cephalopods and bivalves. Nature Webgastropods, bivalves, cephalopods The three classes of mollusks bright the ____ colors of these gastropods warn predators of the potential dangers bivalves which one of the three classes of mollusks does not have a distinct head or radula bivalves are filter feeders What is one of the main differences between gastropods and bivalves? 2. So Paulo. Though the octopus has eight arms, some Cephalopoda have a mixture of arms and tentacles. Tooth shells have a radula and a foot modified into tentacles, each with a bulbous end that catches and manipulates prey (Figure 5). Most of the familiar groups, including gastropods, bivalves, monoplacophorans, and rostroconchs, all date from the Early Cambrian, whereas cephalopods are first found in the Middle Cambrian, polyplacophorans in the Late Cambrian, and the Scaphopoda in the Middle Ordovician. The body is flattened on the sides. (like crabs), so living out in the open either on rocky or sandy substrates. Introduction to Origins of Life of Earth, 63. The phylum includes earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches. 1. Cephalopods are the most intelligent vertebrates, and they move fast in the water. The ability of some octopuses to rapidly adjust their colors to mimic a background pattern or to startle a predator is one of the more awe-inspiring feats of these animals. #26 - Notice the marks on this shell of some boring animal. 257, 219245 (2003), Forment, J. et al. L.L.M., A.B.K., K.M.K., J.T.C. The genomes of Capitella teleta, Helobdella robusta, Lottia gigantea and Nematostella vectensis were produced by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute in collaboration with the user community. (project no. Mollusks are primarily of separate sexes, and the reproductive organs (gonads) are simple. Evol. Chitons (class Polyplacophora) cling to hard bottoms of the intertidal zone, scraping algae from the rock surfaces by using their strong rasping teeth (radula); several members of the polyplacophoran family Lepidopleuridae consume detritus found at depths down to 7,000 metres, and Hanleyidae as well as Hopaliidae even depend on animal food. 07 May 2022, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Want to create or adapt books like this? WebBivalves and gastropods, prominent members of the Modern Evolutionary Fauna, are traditionally noted for sharing remarkably similar global diversity trajectories and environmental distributions throughout the Phanerozoic. Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance, 26. Some gastropods live in marine water, while some other types live in freshwater. Wrapping Up: Sex and the Single Whiptail Lizard. WebMussel. Weve compiled a checklist of all of the essential questions into one handy workbook: Career options, academic plans, financing your education, and more. 48. WebFor many decades molluscan data have been critical to the establishment of the concept of a global-scale increase in species richness from the poles to the equator.Low polar diversity is key to this latitudinal cline in diversity. Most of these early taxa tend to be small (10 mm in length). callus, siphonal notch, siphonal canal. Open Access 21, 10951109 (2004), Smith, S. A. 10, 70 (2010), Struck, T. H. et al. We thank A. Basic External Anatomy of the Octopus Labeling Page (for younger students). 74, 177190 (2009), Simone, L. R. L. Filogenia das superfamlias de Caenogastropoda (Mollusca) com base em morfologia comparativa. The Essential Culinary School Planner & Checklist, The Essential CulinarySchool Planner & Checklist. Like mollusks, annelids exhibit protostomic development. J. Molluscan Stud. WebCypridinid luciferin and its reaction have differences and similarities to the coelenterazine system (Cormier in Herring, 1978). anchored in the sediment. Species whose members once numbered in the millions, now teeter on the verge of extinction. Similarities Between Cephalopods and Gastropods, Side by Side Comparison Cephalopods vs Gastropods in Tabular Form, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, What is the Difference Between Down Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome, Difference Between Human Capital and Physical Capital, Difference Between Sports Jacket and Suit Jacket, What is the Difference Between Syphilis and Chancroid, What is the Difference Between Open and Closed Mitosis, What is the Difference Between Typical and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia, What is the Difference Between Menactra and Menveo, What is the Difference Between Soft Skills and Technical Skills, What is the Difference Between Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy. Most gastropods have a coiled or conical shell, which may be extremely reduced in some species or lost entirely as in slugs. Side by Side Comparison Cephalopods vs Gastropods in Tabular Form For gastropods, Sibu versus Mukah showed high similarity (0.50). Proc. [1] Dq-\nn]j: \\y?h]YC+Fh1p#W5!S#LGb3BO J endstream endobj 211 0 obj 552 endobj 153 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 143 0 R /Resources 189 0 R /Contents 193 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 154 0 obj << /Count 9 /Type /Outlines /First 155 0 R /Last 156 0 R >> endobj 155 0 obj << /Title (Abstract) /A 188 0 R /Next 185 0 R /Parent 154 0 R >> endobj 156 0 obj << /Title ( R e f e r e n c e s) /Prev 157 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 158 0 R >> endobj 157 0 obj << /Title ( A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s) /Next 156 0 R /Prev 159 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 160 0 R >> endobj 158 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 92 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 159 0 obj << /Title ( S v e n s k s a m m a n f a t t n i n g) /Next 157 0 R /Prev 161 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 162 0 R >> endobj 160 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Title ( T h e p a p e r s i n t h i s s t u d y) /Next 159 0 R /Prev 163 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 164 0 R /First 165 0 R /Last 166 0 R /Count -3 >> endobj 162 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 77 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 163 0 obj << /Title ( L i v i n g w i t h a s h e l l) /Next 161 0 R /Prev 171 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 172 0 R /First 173 0 R /Last 174 0 R /Count -2 >> endobj 164 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 68 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 165 0 obj << /Title ( P a p e r I) /Parent 161 0 R /A 170 0 R /Next 167 0 R >> endobj 166 0 obj << /Title ( P a p e r I I I) /Prev 167 0 R /Parent 161 0 R /A 168 0 R >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Title ( P a p e r I I) /Next 166 0 R /Prev 165 0 R /Parent 161 0 R /A 169 0 R >> endobj 168 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 74 0 R /XYZ 127 714 null ] >> endobj 169 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 71 0 R /XYZ 127 528 null ] >> endobj 170 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 68 0 R /XYZ 127 580 null ] >> endobj 171 0 obj << /Title ( I n t r o d u c t i o n) /Next 163 0 R /Prev 181 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 182 0 R /First 183 0 R /Last 183 0 R /Count -1 >> endobj 172 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 173 0 obj << /Title ( F u n c t i o n o f t h e s h e l l) /Parent 163 0 R /A 180 0 R /Next 174 0 R >> endobj 174 0 obj << /Title ( S h e l l s c u l p t u r e) /Prev 173 0 R /Parent 163 0 R /A 175 0 R /First 176 0 R /Last 177 0 R /Count -2 >> endobj 175 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ 127 246 null ] >> endobj 176 0 obj << /Title ( S h e l l s t r e n g t h) /Parent 174 0 R /A 179 0 R /Next 177 0 R >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Title ( A d a p t a t i o n s t o h a b i t a t) /Prev 176 0 R /Parent 174 0 R /A 178 0 R >> endobj 178 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ 127 252 null ] >> endobj 179 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ 127 629 null ] >> endobj 180 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ 127 610 null ] >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Title ( C o n t e n t s) /Next 171 0 R /Prev 185 0 R /Parent 154 0 R /A 186 0 R >> endobj 182 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 22 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 183 0 obj << /Title ( A i m s o f t h i s s t u d y) /Parent 171 0 R /A 184 0 R >> endobj 184 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 25 0 R /XYZ 127 377 null ] >> endobj 185 0 obj << /Title ( L i s t o f p a p e r s) /Parent 154 0 R /A 187 0 R /Next 181 0 R /Prev 155 0 R >> endobj 186 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 16 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 187 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 10 0 R /XYZ 127 715 null ] >> endobj 188 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 710 ] >> endobj 189 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /TT2 194 0 R /TT4 196 0 R /TT6 199 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 208 0 R /Im2 200 0 R /Im3 209 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 201 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 191 0 R /Cs9 192 0 R /Cs10 190 0 R >> >> endobj 190 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 31 206 0 R ] endobj 191 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 204 0 R ] endobj 192 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 193 207 0 R ] endobj 193 0 obj << /Length 765 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream
