When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. Our interpretations of things may be complex requiring very specialized language from various areas of knowledge or it may be simple and be provided by what we might call sound common sense. Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. Plato and Aristotle called these expertssophists. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. In order to put these questions to the things, the things must already be present and be presented to us in some way. These topics are too complex to go into here, but you could do some research on them before setting off on your journey to your Exhibition. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. This can be done through perception and calculation. Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. A world-picture is usually associated with science or a science (the mechanistic world-picture, the physicists world-picture, the chemists world-picture, etc. To go into this matter here is much too complicated and I, frankly, am not sure that I am capable of it. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. 25. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. Representation is to present some thing, to make something present to humans. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. I just have one question. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Your email address will not be published. in the highest sense not experimental. God, for example, is not a thing in that he is not calculable or measurable within the overall parameters of time and space positions and locations. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. Your discussion requires that you use representational thinking (thinking in images) and inductive reasoning to move from the particular images or objects you have chosen, establish their relation to one another through analogy or metaphor, and then proceed to the general principles and key concepts contained in the prompt that you have chosen to demonstrate your knowledge of those principles and concepts. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. It can only be eliminated through the mode of speaking with one another and to one another. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. These multivarious approaches or methodologies are determined a priori by the principle of reason. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. Finally, you should also include appropriate citations and references. . To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/Introduction-to-Theory-of-Knowledge-An-Alternative-Approach-er4qvq, https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/CT-1-Basic-Concepts-equfll, CT 1: Knowledge and the Knower: Historical Background, CT: The Exhibition: A Glossary of Prompts, The Assault on Truth: Real Life Situations (RLS)Observations, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Introduction, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Dewey and Education, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Christianity: Thoughts on the Lords Prayer, The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge, The Natural Sciences: Historical Background, Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science, Darwin and Nietzsche: Part II: The Essence of Truth as Representation, Darwin and Nietzsche Part IV: Metaphysics as Logic: The Grounds of the Principle of Reason. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. it is public. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. Correctness is understood as the translation of the Latinadaequatioand the Greekhomoisis. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. Hence, even though the movie proves how gaining personal knowledge can lead to a change in personal values and beliefs, it does not comply with all the families in the world. Herein arises the role of algebraic calculation: everything counts as existing when and only when it has been securely established as a calculable object for cognition. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. The tools are antecedent to our viewing of the world as technological and they can only produce or allow us to acquire what is called knowledge in a pre-determined manner, a manner which produced the tools themselves in the first place. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle {the principle of reason}, presupposed, but not grounded. These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. When one reads modern essays, doctoral theses, and other research in most areas of knowledge, one finds that there are no references from, say, before 1980 in the research. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. Human being is not aware of itself by focusing on its experiences, but in what it does, uses, expects, avoids, in things it is concerned about in the world around it. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? let alone the things of nature, are not truly mirrors in which we behold only ourselves (Heidegger). New knowledge then . They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. 20. Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. You may be asked or demanded to provide an explanation for why an essay or project which you were required to do is late. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. Knowledge somehow breaks the. 2. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. Understanding what the purpose of a great work of art is remains for us a mystery since they appear to be purpose itself. Bookmark. This is the contradiction we live within. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. What is it that we value in a work of art? He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. the Greek wordmathematical. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs The first year TOK exhibition with written commentary and 3 objects Bookmark Download TOK Exhibition A Like it? First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. His speech is sophistry. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). 32. r/IBO. The Latin words reor and ratio represent the sort of orienting and conforming that is a reckoning, a counting on, and this is why the Roman word ratio came to translate the Greek word. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. If it is not, it is subjective. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. You are required to provide a good explanation of why you have chosen the objects/images for your Exhibition and to show a good explanation of how they are related. how reality is conceived. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. Experience can also mean to go, travel, etc., literally to go forth, and this understanding has a more external quality. Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. and For what purpose? This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? Our cognition, our conscious awareness, is a type of representational thinking which, in the presentation or the experience, some thing we encounter comes to stand, to a standstill, is put in a position or place. You used can in your questi. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. Take a closer look at the IB curriculum that you are studying. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. This is a challenging task and I've created a blog post explaining how you to get all of the marks on these here ). The USA is going through some deep conflicts at the moment in that its Constitution begins with We hold these truths to be self-evident But its sciences illustrate that there are no self-evident truths and that what are believed to be self-evident truths are coming into conflict with the conveniences that have been revealed and desired through their technology, the tendencies towards autocratism and fascism being two examples . What has been determined that you should know if you wish to be a prosperous member of the society which holds that the kind of knowledge espoused is the most valuable to possess? Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. What does this mean?What you are attempting to do is to render completeness to the reasons that you are giving for those objects/images that you have chosen. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. It may be personal, expressing ones own particular life-experience and opinions (ones personal knowledge), or total, extinguishing all personal opinions (shared knowledge). William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible.
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